Critical incident management operations based on an actual disaster Research Paper

Basic episode the executives activities dependent on a genuine catastrophe occasion - Research Paper Example A debacle is an incidental and pulverizing occasion that happens out of nowhere, causing unfriendly social and monetary effects in the populace or condition it happens. The impacts may incorporate physical injury, passings, misfortune and harm on property, passionate and physical difficulty, and demolition of physical framework just as disappointment of operational and managerial frameworks. Previously and during a calamity, crisis responders need to intercede to spare lives, property and limit the antagonistic impacts brought about by the catastrophe. Notwithstanding, the vulnerability or rarity of fiascos presents extraordinary test for these responders to learn the viability of their reaction procedures (Donahue and o’Keefe, 2007). Subsequently, responders as a rule utilize different techniques and encounters to upgrade the way they react to comparable catastrophes later on. This paper will inspect parts of arranging, reaction, recuperation just as alleviation during fiascos and the way the nation can improve its reaction abilities. The Three Mile high atomic mishap and Hurricane Agnes in the 1979 provoked President Carter and the Congress to build up the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) just as the Emergency Management Council (EMC). This planned for uniting the obligations regarding catastrophe readiness performed by the distinctive government offices to one single office (Mener, 2007). This came out of the conviction that it would wipe out the correspondence and the discontinuity challenges seen during the previous calamities. With this request from the official, every government office that had obligations and capacities of giving reaction during fiascos to co-work with FEMA. It likewise furnished FEMA with the assignment of guaranteeing co-appointment in a debacle readiness and help tasks. All things considered, the

The Grandmother

An author's life can be portrayed by threat and energy. The individuals who seek after their job with enthusiasm and devotion can't in any way, shape or form carry on with a dull life.  A writer’s life is brimming with risk since the person should go the unusual course so as to succeed. It is additionally an existence of fervor in light of the fact that the unusual impacts of the composed word can either put an individual on the map, rich, or dead relying upon the substance and spot where the piece was written.Bozena Mencova is the principal significant female author at any point delivered by present day Czechoslovakia †in the past known as Czech Republic †in the nineteenth century. What's more, this essayist exemplifies the twin property of threat and energy. Her life was loaded with dangers since she had the hardship to be conceived in a land torn by governmental issues, philosophy, and race. Moreover, she lived in when ladies are viewed as a far off second to th eir male counterparts.Yet, her life was additionally brimming with energy. She had the option to show that ability ascends to the top irregardless of sexual orientation and financial status. One of her commended works is the account of a grandma (Babieka) who was conflicted between affection and obligation, in which the author has interlaced her perspectives on social, political, and even strict powers that are forming her country.BackgroundThe fascinating existence of Bozena Nemcova didn't start and end in her being a fiction essayist. Truth be told, Nemcova is likewise a â€Å"†¦poet, columnist, gatherer and proofreader of society accounts; key figure of the Czech National Revival and delegate of the national artistic standard. Furthermore, if this was insufficient she was one of the first to freely address the subject of ladies' character andâ their situation in society† (Haan, Daskalova, and Loufti, 2006).Bozena Nemcova was conceived in 1820, just about 200 years a fter the Germans vanquished the militaries of the Czech Republic. The extreme â€Å"Germanization† of the people brought about the crumbling of Czech writing and culture. The National Revival that happened in the nineteenth century where Nemcova had a significant influence was in light of the decay and The Grandmother is one of the major abstract works that serves to stir nationalistic enthusiasm (Iggers, 1995, p. 49).The GrannyThe story of â€Å"The Grandmother† is an elegantly composed piece. It is agreeable to peruse in light of the fact that it originated from some other time and spot, with the special reward that it originated from another dialect. It is in every case great to peruse deciphered works since it gives the peruser a window to another culture. As a rule the investigation of these sorts of writing brings about the acknowledgment that there is much in like manner even between two unique society, race, culture, and nationalities.This is particularly appar ent when perusing the basic piece of the story. Grandmas in numerous pieces of the world can identify with â€Å"Granny† †of developing old and living alone, their youngsters far away having their own families. The difficulty, on whether to live autonomously or move in with one of the kids is additionally basic issue around the globe.The pattern proceeds with when Granny started the excursion from her genealogical old neighborhood to a â€Å"foreign† land where her little girl currently lives with her better half and kids. The all inclusiveness of the story continued in the yearning of the grandkids to know their grandma and the equivalent compelling feelings were responded by the grandma.Then the story starts to show its special flavor when Granny started to settle in. Inevitably, Granny started to see the distinction in language, culture, and habits being shown in the family unit of Mr. Prosek. It was a conflict between the new and the old, between the conventio ns of the open country and new principles of present day living. In the story Granny commented to herself that she scarcely perceived her little girl since her concept of her is that of a joyful nation young lady and here she is presently, ready, exquisite but then there is something that is missing.This bothering feeling is representative of what is happening in the hearts and psyches of Czech scholarly people around then. They were conflicted between the recognized advantages of the social and mechanical trade with the Germans and simultaneously awkward in light of the fact that where it counts the genuine self is smothered unfit to break free in melody and merriment.Religion has consistently been a contact point and for this situation, Nemcova might want the peruser to know the inward battle of the local Czechs with regards to an apparently aimless perspective on God by their new rulers. In the story Granny consistently â€Å"cross† herself and needed her feelings to come off on the youngsters and the entire family.In the last piece of the story one gets a tremendous portion of these kinds of correlations. Mencova had the option to differentiate the distinctions in culture when he expounded on the journey to a congregation in Svatonovice. In transit the kids saw what they were denied of; it is the delight and otherworldly gift that can be found in returning to their underlying foundations which is the mind boggling conventions of the Holy Roman Catholic Church and the excellence of the wide open with its own one of a kind astuteness and charms.The story of The Grandmother isn't just about imageries highlighting National Revival of antiquated Czech culture, religion and its customs. It is considerably more than that. It is additionally a piece where Nemcova had the option to spill his guts to communicate thoughts and questions not adequate in the public eye. In one segment of the story, Nemcova acquainted Victorka with balance it with the character of the grandma. Victorka was hasty and expresses her genuine thoughts. By doing so she had the option to convey what may have been experiencing her psyche and heart. This is on the grounds that Nemcova had a miserable union with a man 15 years her senior (Iggers, 1995).ConclusionIn 1620 the Czech armed force was crushed by the Hapsburg armed force. This period started the decrease of Czech culture and writing. Exceptional â€Å"Germanization† happened, the normal outcome after victors would typically demand that their way of life and language is far better than the vanquished adversary. Furthermore, as a rule, the debilitated soul of the crushed individuals eagerly oblige to the social harassing. On account of the Czech Republic, Craig Craven commented, â€Å"The Czech language had not ceased to exist, yet it had withdrawn to the open country and the kitchen to turn into the patois †slang or nonstandard language †of workers, cooks, and servants† (2006, p. 88).T he previously mentioned conversation fills in as the scenery of The Grandmother composed as a reaction to theâ Revival; Czech scholarly people doing proactive strides to recapture lost ground regarding society, writing, and national character. In these energetic occasions Mencova was moving from town to town with his loyalist spouse and in the process was presented to the governmental issues and belief systems of the day. Along these lines, she started to be affected by another type of Czech locals longing for past days.This any desire for another and better Czech Republic dependent on since quite a while ago overlooked beliefs is a lot of clear in the story. As one would review Granny responded to the way that her child in-law didn't communicate in Czech, just German while her kids and grandkids then again †remembering the workers for the family unit †can without much of a stretch communicate in her local language. This made Granny awkward and made her to mull over retu rning to her interesting little village.She was convinced to remain and to keep her psyche off the things that annoyed her, she started to plunge herself to fill in as an a regulator to the family unit workers. At that point she started seeing different things like the advanced innovation that made her progressively awkward. This is additionally an image of the quandary concerning tolerating the conspicuous advantages of German impact †particularly in innovation †while then again dismissing the negative effects, for example, the loss of devotion particularly with regards to the conventional church.Aside from the nationalistic suggestions of the â€Å"Granny† what pulls in the peruser to an inside and out investigation of this bit of writing comes from the acknowledgment this is a nineteenth century work of fiction, composed by a lady in a period and spot where enormous situation is anything but favorable for her. But then she won and demonstrated her compatriots and the entire world that ability and a consuming energy for truth is sufficient to beat all obstacles.Lacking in formal preparing and training required for a genuine author, Nemcova had the option to repay with her colossal ability. It is stunning to peruse a fine work, with such a distinctive depiction of Czech rustic way of life and the intensity of her exposition to make the characters wake up. It is hard to experience the story without consenting to her bits of knowledge or without thinking about whether Nemcova was truly composing fiction on the grounds that the exchange could have effectively have been recorded from genuine conversations.In this respect Nemcova ought not exclusively be imitated and celebrated as an essayist yet in addition as a champion. She is a brilliant illustration for a nation that has seen better occasions. She is likewise a decent good example for all ladies who battled to discover their place in a male-commanded society. Be that as it may, her story ough t to be retold in places where ladies are treated as items and not as individuals. Her life will without a doubt persuade them that they can transcend everything if no one but they can concentrate on some different option from themselves.Works CitedCravens, Craig. Culture and Customs of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 2006.Haan, F., K. Daskalova, and A. Loutfi. A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements andFeminism. New York: CEU Press, 2006.Wilson, Neil. Prague. CA: Lonely Planet, 2007.Iggers, Wilma. Ladies of Prague. Provision, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995.

Blog Archive In Other News A Boost in Real Estate, an Alternative Business School, and the New Harvard Business School Startup Studio

Blog Archive In Other News… A Boost in Real Estate, an Alternative Business School, and the New Harvard Business School Startup Studio The business school world is constantly buzzing with change and innovation. Each week, in addition to our regular news posts, we briefly touch on a few notable stories from this dynamic field in one roundup. Here is what caught our eye this week: Real estate is gaining popularity among business school students, the Financial Times  reports. After a recent boost in the real estate market, MBA candidates are showing increased interest in the field at the expense of more traditional industries, such as banking. “[Students are] fleeing banking,” Nancy Wallace, a real estate professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business commented in the article, describing a “huge” recent interest in real estate among students. Alternative education is not exactly a new idea, but what about an alternative business school? Presidio Graduate School, a small business school based in San Francisco, portrays itself as such. Students can pursue an MBA in sustainable management, focusing on creating a diverse and just business field to work in after graduation. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, approximately 90% of the school’s graduates are currently employed in sustainability positions. Harvard Business School (HBS) has launched a new facility in New York City to support its alumni who are entrepreneurs, the school announced recently. The HBS Startup Studio is the first of its kind for HBS, as graduates have not previously had an off-campus space to practice entrepreneurship. Start-up teams that are interested in taking advantage of the studio’s offerings must include at least one HBS alum, but have fewer than seven employees, and must apply to gain admission. Such start-ups as Rent the Runway, Birchbox, and Oscar have been launched by HBS alumni in the past. Share ThisTweet Harvard University (Harvard Business School) News

Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Facts

The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is the only known species of hummingbird to breed or even regularly reside in eastern North America. The breeding range of ruby-throated hummingbirds is the largest of all the species of hummingbirds in North America. Fast Facts: Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Scientific Name: Archilochus colubrisCommon Name: Ruby-throated hummingbirdBasic Animal Group: BirdSize:  2.8–3.5 inches in lengthWeight: 0.1–0.2 ouncesLifespan: 5.3 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: Summers in eastern North America; winters in Central AmericaPopulation: Estimated 7 millionConservation Status: Least Concern Description Male and female ruby-throated hummingbirds differ in their appearance in several ways. Males are more vibrantly colored than females. Males have metallic emerald-green plumage on their back and metallic red feathers on their throat (this patch of feathers is referred to as a gorget). Females are duller in color, with less vibrant green feathers on their back and no red gorget, their throat and belly plumage is a dull grey or white. Young ruby-throated hummingbirds of both sexes resemble the plumage of adult females. Like all hummingbirds, ruby-throated hummingbirds have small feet that are not well suited to perching or hopping from branch to branch. For this reason, ruby-throated hummingbirds use flight as their primary means of locomotion. They are superb aerialists and are capable of hovering with wingbeat frequencies of up to 53 beats per second. They can fly in a straight line, up, down, backward, or hover in place. The flight feathers of ruby-throated hummingbirds include 10 full-length primary feathers, six secondary feathers, and 10 rectrices (the largest feathers used for flight). Ruby-throated hummingbirds are tiny birds, they weigh between about 0.1 and 0.2 ounces and measure between 2.8 to 3.5 inches in length. Their wingspan is about 3.1 to 4.3 inches wide. Larry Keller, Lititz Pa.  / Getty Images Habitat and Range This hummer breeds in the summertime, throughout the eastern United States and Canada. In the autumn, the birds migrate to their wintering grounds in Central America from northern Panama to southern Mexico, although some winter in parts of South Florida, the Carolinas, and along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. They prefer habitats which have lots of flowers, such as fields, parks, backyards, and open clearings in forests. Migration round-trips can be as long as 1,000 miles. Migration patterns of ruby-throated hummingbirds vary: Some migrate between their breeding and wintering grounds by flying across the Gulf of Mexico while others follow the Mexican gulf coastline. Males start their migration before females and juveniles (males and females) follow on after the females. They migrate south between August and November, and north again between March and May. Diet and Behavior Ruby-throated hummingbirds feed primarily on nectar and small insects. They occasionally supplement their diet with tree sap if nectar is not readily available. When gathering nectar, ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer to feed on red or orange flowers such as red buckeye, trumpet creeper, and red morning glory. They often feed while hovering at the flower but also land to drink nectar from a conveniently located perch. Scientists have long been fascinated by the hummingbirds hovering flight. Unlike larger birds, they can perform sustained hovering as well as regular cruise flight and maneuvering. Like insects, they use a leading edge vortex over their wing surfaces to gain lift in the flight, but unlike insects, they can invert their wings at the wrist joint (insects do that with a pulse of muscles).   Reproduction and Offspring During the June–July breeding season, ruby-throated hummingbirds are highly territorial, behavior which is reduced during other times of the year. The size of the territories that males establish during the breeding season varies based on the availability of food. Males and females do not form a pair bond and remain together only during courtship and mating. Female ruby-throated hummers lay up to three broods a year, in groups of one–three eggs, most typically two, which hatch after 10–14 days. The mother continues to feed the chicks for another four to seven days, and the chicks fledge and leave the nest 18–22 days after hatching. Hummingbirds become sexually mature the next season about one year of age. Studio One-One/Getty Images Threats There are an estimated 7 million ruby-throated hummingbirds in the world, and they are classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System does not list them as endangered at all. However, continuing climate change affecting their migration patterns and those of related species may have impacts that are as yet unclear. Northern migration dates of ruby-throated hummingbirds have already been measurably impacted by global climate change, with warmer winter and spring temperatures correlating with earlier arrivals, especially at lower latitudes (below 41 degrees north, or generally south of Pennsylvania). In a 10-year study (2001–2010), the differences ranged from 11.4 to 18.2 days earlier in warmer years, leading to concerns about competition for food resources going forward. Sources Bertin, Robert I. The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird and Its Major Food Plants: Ranges, Flowering Phenology, and Migration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60.2 (1982): 210–19. Print.BirdLife International. Archilochus colubris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22688193A93186255, 2016.Courter, Jason R., et al. Assessing Migration of Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus Colubris) at Broad Spatial and Temporal Scales. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 130.1 (2013): 107–17. Print.Hilton, Bill, Jr., and Mark W. Miller. Annual Survival and Recruitment in a Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Population, Excluding the Effect of Transient Individuals. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 105.1 (2003): 54–62. Print.Kirschbaum, Kari, Marie S. Harris. and Robert Naumann. Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird). Animal Diversity Web, 2000.  Leberman, Robert C., Robert S. Mulvihill, and D. Scott Wood. A Possible Relationship between Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism an d Reduced Male Survivorship in the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 94.2 (1992): 480–89. Print.Song, Jialei, Haoxiang Luo, and L. Hedrick Tyson. Three-Dimensional Flow and Lift Characteristics of a Hovering Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11.98 (2014): 20140541. Print.Weidensaul, Scot et al. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2013.

Communication Theories And Concepts Of The Film Outsourced

When talking about communication, it is essential to understand what this term really means. There are many different definitions pertaining to this word, but none of them can be considered right or wrong. On the other hand, Samovar and Porter suggested one of the most basic and influential definitions: â€Å"communication is the ability to share our ideas and feelings† (Samovar and Porter, 1995, p. 27). Mr. Todd’s journey in the film Outsourced greatly reflects on a wide variety of communication theories and concepts, as well as my personal experience in the same country, India. When referring to communication, it is fundamental to grasp The Shannon and Weaver Model that was invented in 1947. This is basically an exemplary of a few stages in which the information source called sender, sends the information to its destination, the receiver. Information obviously does not get to the receiver magically; this is why this model was invented. It is a way to illustrate how a person shares beliefs and ideas, and how they reach their destination. For example, at the beginning of the movie Outsourced, the employee called Todd Anderson asks his boss named Dave: â€Å"Is this gonna take a while?† when he was called to privately speak inside his office (Jeffcoat, 2006, 1:26). In this case, the sender is Dave who sends the information through a place called channel, which then gets decoded before reaching its destination, Todd. On the other hand, it is also important to underline the fact thatShow MoreRelatedThe World Is Flat By Thomas L. Friedman Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pageswill refine itself continuously and continue to grow to a point when the world economies become lateral that is a flat line. When he mentions the world is flat he means that we are all mutually economically dependent on each other and in more communication with each other today than we ever were in the past. 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This was the era of ‘the film star feeling’ and the ‘Golden LUX’, featuring stars such as  Sandra Dee,  Diana Rigg  and  Samantha Eggar. The bathing ritual, the ‘fantasy’ element that has been the imagery of LUX was created in this era. The brand also moved forward with launching LUXRead MoreHrm Training and Development15736 Words   |  63 Pages | |Job Experience |Classroom Learning | |Specific Tasks |General Concepts | |Narrow / Perspective |Broad Perspective | |Training refers to the process of imparting specific skills

William Shakespeare s Macbeth - 867 Words

Can one of the most influential plays in mankind s history be revolved around one object? Does Shakespeare s most terrific play Macbeth be all surrounded in encompass by a single dagger? This may not be the case, but the dagger does change the play in a dramatic way. This is one of the most symbolic objects in all of Shakespeare s writing and maybe one of the biggest turning points in any of this place. MacBeth s dagger symbolizes his ambition for power and it s an apparition. This ambition is his most coveted asset and his tragic flaw. This dagger or otherwise known as the bloody dagger foreshadows the murder of Duncan which is one of the main turning points/plot in this play. Initially the bloody dagger is leading to the shadowing of what must be done by MacBeth. This is where you start to see MacBeth s true goals and envision shine. If you want to achieve something you stop at nothing to achieve it and this is exactly what MacBeth dead. He wanted to obtain power and the only way h e could do that was by taking alive. He was influenced by others, such as lady Macbeth, but no one else made them do it but him. This and company encompasses his character and is a great object to show MacBeth as his true self. This ambition does not stop after the assassination of Duncan, but continues into his reign as a leader throughout his time. You never see his morals change or guilt set in enough for him to really remorse about taking alive. The dagger follows him throughoutShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1363 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt one of the most captivating plays, in my opinion written by William Shakespeare. Throughout this play there is definitely a numerous amount of things that can catch your attention, whether it is a trio of witches appearing, committing murder, or keeping secrets. 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Sources indicate that the play was written to appease King James I, who had ascended to the throne after Queen Elizabeth I. The play tells a tale of a brave Scottish Thane named Macbeth, whose thirst for power brought him to murder Duncan, the King of Scotland, only to become a tyrant, and have his actions lead to his eventual demise as the tragic hero. Throughout the playRead More William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1289 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Macbeth Literary Essay In this 16th century, classic play about a man hungry for power by William Shakespeare there are many intense instances of symbolism used to demonstrate and prove Macbeth’s feelings and behaviour throughout the book. Good symbolism makes you feel what the character feels when reading a story. In the story, â€Å"Macbeth†, Macbeth is shown to be a sly and deceiving person who betrayed his kingdom for his own gain. Three important symbols used to show Macbeth s greed andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1129 Words   |  5 PagesWindsor 02/10/16 Macbeth William Shakespeare wrote one of best tragedies in english literature, which was titled Macbeth. The tragedy, as it is considered by critics of yesterday s literary world, frown upon the evil dimension of conflict, offering a dark and atmosphere of a world dominated by the powers of darkness. Macbeth, more so than any of Shakespeare s other tragic protagonists, has to face the powers and decide: should he give in or should he resist? Macbeth understands theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1909 Words   |  8 PagesKing James’ court, none more so than William Shakespeare, who was writing some of his best plays in that time. The most well known of Shakespeare’s plays produced in the Jacobean Era was Macbeth. Macbeth tells the tale of Macbeth, a thane of Scotland, and his descent to madness. 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William Shakespeare was born in Stratford -upon -avon, in Warwickshire and was baptized a few days later on 26 April 1566. William Shakespeare was educated at the local King Edward grammar school Stratford and is considered by many to be the greatest playwright of all time.(Bio.) In Macbeth, William Shakespeare used ambition to show us Lady Macbeth and Macbeth and t heirRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Essay1827 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish IV DE/AP 24 January 2016 Macbeth Research Paper Although William Shakespeare is not historically accurate with his play Macbeth, there are many possible reasons as to why his historical interpretation differs from reality. He may have wished to flatter the king and, when taken into historical context, may have wished to warn others of the fate handed to those who would oppose the king. Although there are many differences between the play and history, Shakespeare remains truthful in some aspects

Action Potential Essay free essay sample

RESTING POTENTIAL Resting potential is the membrane potential when a neuron is not conducting any electrical impulse or signal. The resting potential is around -75 mV. During resting potential, the inside of the axon is negative GRADED POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL Action potential is a fleeting reversal of the membrane potential, caused by changes in permeability of the plasma membrane of neuron to potassium and sodium ions causing an electrical impulse to be transmitted along the axon. When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, a few of the voltage-gated sodium channels that are found in the neuronal plasma membrane open permitting sodium ions to pass through. Since there is much greater concentration of sodium ions outside the axon than inside, they diffuse in through the open sodium channels down their concentration gradient. This result in the relatively high concentrations of positively charged sodium ions inside the axon and makes it less negative inside that it was before. We will write a custom essay sample on Action Potential Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The continue diffusion of sodium ions into the axon depolarizes the membrane more and brings it closer to the threshold. When the potential across the membrane reach the threshold (about –55 mV), additional voltage-gated sodium channel open. When this happens, there is rapid and intense influx of sodium ions into the axon causing the inside of the axon swiftly continues to build up more positive charges, until the membrane potential reaches a potential of about +40 mV compared with the outside. At this point, the sodium channels are temporary close and are inactivated, so the sodium ions stop diffusing into the axon. At the same time, the voltage-gated potassium channels open. Potassium ions therefore diffuse out of the axon, down their concentration gradient. The outward movement of potassium ions removes positive charge from inside the axon to the outside, thus beginning to return the potential difference to normal. This is called repolarisation or refractory period. Since there are so many potassium ions leave the axon and the potassium channels close too slowly, he potential difference across the membrane briefly becomes even more negative. This is called temporary hyperpolarisation. The potassium channels then close, and the sodium-potassium pump begin to act again, restoring the normal/original distribution of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane, and therefore restoring the resting potential. This process takes time. THE REFRACTORY PERIOD Refractory period i s the period of time during which a neuron is recovering from an action potential, and during which another action potential cannot be generated. At this period, the voltage-gated sodium channels are still firmly closed (or temporary inactivated) and the membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of the stimulation. CONDUCTION/PROPAGATION/TRANSMISSION OF ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential at any point along an axon’s plasma membrane triggers the production of an action potential in the membrane on either side of it. During the action potential, sodium ions enter a point on the axon. The temporary depolarization of the membrane where the action potential is causes a ‘local circuit’ to be set between the depolarized region and the resting regions on either side of it. Sodium ions flow sideways inside the axon, away from the positively charged region towards the negatively charged regions on either side. This depolarizes these adjoining regions and so generates During the action potential, sodium ions enter a point on the axon. Temporarily, that location is positively charged in comparison with neighboring/adjacent areas along the axon. The positive ions sideways inside the axon, away from the The positive charges now inside the membrane slightly depolarize the adjacent areas of the membrane, causing the next area to reach its threshold and regenerate the action potential. In this manner, the action potential travels like a wave along the axon. SPEED OF CONDUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential can travel long distances by regenerating itself along the axon At the site where the action potential is generated, usually the axon hillock, an electrical current depolarizes the neighboring region of the axon membrane