Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Facts

The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is the only known species of hummingbird to breed or even regularly reside in eastern North America. The breeding range of ruby-throated hummingbirds is the largest of all the species of hummingbirds in North America. Fast Facts: Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Scientific Name: Archilochus colubrisCommon Name: Ruby-throated hummingbirdBasic Animal Group: BirdSize:  2.8–3.5 inches in lengthWeight: 0.1–0.2 ouncesLifespan: 5.3 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: Summers in eastern North America; winters in Central AmericaPopulation: Estimated 7 millionConservation Status: Least Concern Description Male and female ruby-throated hummingbirds differ in their appearance in several ways. Males are more vibrantly colored than females. Males have metallic emerald-green plumage on their back and metallic red feathers on their throat (this patch of feathers is referred to as a gorget). Females are duller in color, with less vibrant green feathers on their back and no red gorget, their throat and belly plumage is a dull grey or white. Young ruby-throated hummingbirds of both sexes resemble the plumage of adult females. Like all hummingbirds, ruby-throated hummingbirds have small feet that are not well suited to perching or hopping from branch to branch. For this reason, ruby-throated hummingbirds use flight as their primary means of locomotion. They are superb aerialists and are capable of hovering with wingbeat frequencies of up to 53 beats per second. They can fly in a straight line, up, down, backward, or hover in place. The flight feathers of ruby-throated hummingbirds include 10 full-length primary feathers, six secondary feathers, and 10 rectrices (the largest feathers used for flight). Ruby-throated hummingbirds are tiny birds, they weigh between about 0.1 and 0.2 ounces and measure between 2.8 to 3.5 inches in length. Their wingspan is about 3.1 to 4.3 inches wide. Larry Keller, Lititz Pa.  / Getty Images Habitat and Range This hummer breeds in the summertime, throughout the eastern United States and Canada. In the autumn, the birds migrate to their wintering grounds in Central America from northern Panama to southern Mexico, although some winter in parts of South Florida, the Carolinas, and along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. They prefer habitats which have lots of flowers, such as fields, parks, backyards, and open clearings in forests. Migration round-trips can be as long as 1,000 miles. Migration patterns of ruby-throated hummingbirds vary: Some migrate between their breeding and wintering grounds by flying across the Gulf of Mexico while others follow the Mexican gulf coastline. Males start their migration before females and juveniles (males and females) follow on after the females. They migrate south between August and November, and north again between March and May. Diet and Behavior Ruby-throated hummingbirds feed primarily on nectar and small insects. They occasionally supplement their diet with tree sap if nectar is not readily available. When gathering nectar, ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer to feed on red or orange flowers such as red buckeye, trumpet creeper, and red morning glory. They often feed while hovering at the flower but also land to drink nectar from a conveniently located perch. Scientists have long been fascinated by the hummingbirds hovering flight. Unlike larger birds, they can perform sustained hovering as well as regular cruise flight and maneuvering. Like insects, they use a leading edge vortex over their wing surfaces to gain lift in the flight, but unlike insects, they can invert their wings at the wrist joint (insects do that with a pulse of muscles).   Reproduction and Offspring During the June–July breeding season, ruby-throated hummingbirds are highly territorial, behavior which is reduced during other times of the year. The size of the territories that males establish during the breeding season varies based on the availability of food. Males and females do not form a pair bond and remain together only during courtship and mating. Female ruby-throated hummers lay up to three broods a year, in groups of one–three eggs, most typically two, which hatch after 10–14 days. The mother continues to feed the chicks for another four to seven days, and the chicks fledge and leave the nest 18–22 days after hatching. Hummingbirds become sexually mature the next season about one year of age. Studio One-One/Getty Images Threats There are an estimated 7 million ruby-throated hummingbirds in the world, and they are classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System does not list them as endangered at all. However, continuing climate change affecting their migration patterns and those of related species may have impacts that are as yet unclear. Northern migration dates of ruby-throated hummingbirds have already been measurably impacted by global climate change, with warmer winter and spring temperatures correlating with earlier arrivals, especially at lower latitudes (below 41 degrees north, or generally south of Pennsylvania). In a 10-year study (2001–2010), the differences ranged from 11.4 to 18.2 days earlier in warmer years, leading to concerns about competition for food resources going forward. Sources Bertin, Robert I. The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird and Its Major Food Plants: Ranges, Flowering Phenology, and Migration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60.2 (1982): 210–19. Print.BirdLife International. Archilochus colubris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22688193A93186255, 2016.Courter, Jason R., et al. Assessing Migration of Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus Colubris) at Broad Spatial and Temporal Scales. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 130.1 (2013): 107–17. Print.Hilton, Bill, Jr., and Mark W. Miller. Annual Survival and Recruitment in a Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Population, Excluding the Effect of Transient Individuals. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 105.1 (2003): 54–62. Print.Kirschbaum, Kari, Marie S. Harris. and Robert Naumann. Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird). Animal Diversity Web, 2000.  Leberman, Robert C., Robert S. Mulvihill, and D. Scott Wood. A Possible Relationship between Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism an d Reduced Male Survivorship in the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 94.2 (1992): 480–89. Print.Song, Jialei, Haoxiang Luo, and L. Hedrick Tyson. Three-Dimensional Flow and Lift Characteristics of a Hovering Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11.98 (2014): 20140541. Print.Weidensaul, Scot et al. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2013.

Communication Theories And Concepts Of The Film Outsourced

When talking about communication, it is essential to understand what this term really means. There are many different definitions pertaining to this word, but none of them can be considered right or wrong. On the other hand, Samovar and Porter suggested one of the most basic and influential definitions: â€Å"communication is the ability to share our ideas and feelings† (Samovar and Porter, 1995, p. 27). Mr. Todd’s journey in the film Outsourced greatly reflects on a wide variety of communication theories and concepts, as well as my personal experience in the same country, India. When referring to communication, it is fundamental to grasp The Shannon and Weaver Model that was invented in 1947. This is basically an exemplary of a few stages in which the information source called sender, sends the information to its destination, the receiver. Information obviously does not get to the receiver magically; this is why this model was invented. It is a way to illustrate how a person shares beliefs and ideas, and how they reach their destination. For example, at the beginning of the movie Outsourced, the employee called Todd Anderson asks his boss named Dave: â€Å"Is this gonna take a while?† when he was called to privately speak inside his office (Jeffcoat, 2006, 1:26). In this case, the sender is Dave who sends the information through a place called channel, which then gets decoded before reaching its destination, Todd. On the other hand, it is also important to underline the fact thatShow MoreRelatedThe World Is Flat By Thomas L. Friedman Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pageswill refine itself continuously and continue to grow to a point when the world economies become lateral that is a flat line. When he mentions the world is flat he means that we are all mutually economically dependent on each other and in more communication with each other today than we ever were in the past. 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William Shakespeare s Macbeth - 867 Words

Can one of the most influential plays in mankind s history be revolved around one object? Does Shakespeare s most terrific play Macbeth be all surrounded in encompass by a single dagger? This may not be the case, but the dagger does change the play in a dramatic way. This is one of the most symbolic objects in all of Shakespeare s writing and maybe one of the biggest turning points in any of this place. MacBeth s dagger symbolizes his ambition for power and it s an apparition. This ambition is his most coveted asset and his tragic flaw. This dagger or otherwise known as the bloody dagger foreshadows the murder of Duncan which is one of the main turning points/plot in this play. Initially the bloody dagger is leading to the shadowing of what must be done by MacBeth. This is where you start to see MacBeth s true goals and envision shine. If you want to achieve something you stop at nothing to achieve it and this is exactly what MacBeth dead. He wanted to obtain power and the only way h e could do that was by taking alive. He was influenced by others, such as lady Macbeth, but no one else made them do it but him. This and company encompasses his character and is a great object to show MacBeth as his true self. This ambition does not stop after the assassination of Duncan, but continues into his reign as a leader throughout his time. You never see his morals change or guilt set in enough for him to really remorse about taking alive. The dagger follows him throughoutShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1363 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt one of the most captivating plays, in my opinion written by William Shakespeare. Throughout this play there is definitely a numerous amount of things that can catch your attention, whether it is a trio of witches appearing, committing murder, or keeping secrets. 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Action Potential Essay free essay sample

RESTING POTENTIAL Resting potential is the membrane potential when a neuron is not conducting any electrical impulse or signal. The resting potential is around -75 mV. During resting potential, the inside of the axon is negative GRADED POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL Action potential is a fleeting reversal of the membrane potential, caused by changes in permeability of the plasma membrane of neuron to potassium and sodium ions causing an electrical impulse to be transmitted along the axon. When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, a few of the voltage-gated sodium channels that are found in the neuronal plasma membrane open permitting sodium ions to pass through. Since there is much greater concentration of sodium ions outside the axon than inside, they diffuse in through the open sodium channels down their concentration gradient. This result in the relatively high concentrations of positively charged sodium ions inside the axon and makes it less negative inside that it was before. We will write a custom essay sample on Action Potential Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The continue diffusion of sodium ions into the axon depolarizes the membrane more and brings it closer to the threshold. When the potential across the membrane reach the threshold (about –55 mV), additional voltage-gated sodium channel open. When this happens, there is rapid and intense influx of sodium ions into the axon causing the inside of the axon swiftly continues to build up more positive charges, until the membrane potential reaches a potential of about +40 mV compared with the outside. At this point, the sodium channels are temporary close and are inactivated, so the sodium ions stop diffusing into the axon. At the same time, the voltage-gated potassium channels open. Potassium ions therefore diffuse out of the axon, down their concentration gradient. The outward movement of potassium ions removes positive charge from inside the axon to the outside, thus beginning to return the potential difference to normal. This is called repolarisation or refractory period. Since there are so many potassium ions leave the axon and the potassium channels close too slowly, he potential difference across the membrane briefly becomes even more negative. This is called temporary hyperpolarisation. The potassium channels then close, and the sodium-potassium pump begin to act again, restoring the normal/original distribution of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane, and therefore restoring the resting potential. This process takes time. THE REFRACTORY PERIOD Refractory period i s the period of time during which a neuron is recovering from an action potential, and during which another action potential cannot be generated. At this period, the voltage-gated sodium channels are still firmly closed (or temporary inactivated) and the membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of the stimulation. CONDUCTION/PROPAGATION/TRANSMISSION OF ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential at any point along an axon’s plasma membrane triggers the production of an action potential in the membrane on either side of it. During the action potential, sodium ions enter a point on the axon. The temporary depolarization of the membrane where the action potential is causes a ‘local circuit’ to be set between the depolarized region and the resting regions on either side of it. Sodium ions flow sideways inside the axon, away from the positively charged region towards the negatively charged regions on either side. This depolarizes these adjoining regions and so generates During the action potential, sodium ions enter a point on the axon. Temporarily, that location is positively charged in comparison with neighboring/adjacent areas along the axon. The positive ions sideways inside the axon, away from the The positive charges now inside the membrane slightly depolarize the adjacent areas of the membrane, causing the next area to reach its threshold and regenerate the action potential. In this manner, the action potential travels like a wave along the axon. SPEED OF CONDUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential can travel long distances by regenerating itself along the axon At the site where the action potential is generated, usually the axon hillock, an electrical current depolarizes the neighboring region of the axon membrane