Critical incident management operations based on an actual disaster Research Paper

Basic episode the executives activities dependent on a genuine catastrophe occasion - Research Paper Example A debacle is an incidental and pulverizing occasion that happens out of nowhere, causing unfriendly social and monetary effects in the populace or condition it happens. The impacts may incorporate physical injury, passings, misfortune and harm on property, passionate and physical difficulty, and demolition of physical framework just as disappointment of operational and managerial frameworks. Previously and during a calamity, crisis responders need to intercede to spare lives, property and limit the antagonistic impacts brought about by the catastrophe. Notwithstanding, the vulnerability or rarity of fiascos presents extraordinary test for these responders to learn the viability of their reaction procedures (Donahue and o’Keefe, 2007). Subsequently, responders as a rule utilize different techniques and encounters to upgrade the way they react to comparable catastrophes later on. This paper will inspect parts of arranging, reaction, recuperation just as alleviation during fiascos and the way the nation can improve its reaction abilities. The Three Mile high atomic mishap and Hurricane Agnes in the 1979 provoked President Carter and the Congress to build up the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) just as the Emergency Management Council (EMC). This planned for uniting the obligations regarding catastrophe readiness performed by the distinctive government offices to one single office (Mener, 2007). This came out of the conviction that it would wipe out the correspondence and the discontinuity challenges seen during the previous calamities. With this request from the official, every government office that had obligations and capacities of giving reaction during fiascos to co-work with FEMA. It likewise furnished FEMA with the assignment of guaranteeing co-appointment in a debacle readiness and help tasks. All things considered, the

The Grandmother

An author's life can be portrayed by threat and energy. The individuals who seek after their job with enthusiasm and devotion can't in any way, shape or form carry on with a dull life.  A writer’s life is brimming with risk since the person should go the unusual course so as to succeed. It is additionally an existence of fervor in light of the fact that the unusual impacts of the composed word can either put an individual on the map, rich, or dead relying upon the substance and spot where the piece was written.Bozena Mencova is the principal significant female author at any point delivered by present day Czechoslovakia †in the past known as Czech Republic †in the nineteenth century. What's more, this essayist exemplifies the twin property of threat and energy. Her life was loaded with dangers since she had the hardship to be conceived in a land torn by governmental issues, philosophy, and race. Moreover, she lived in when ladies are viewed as a far off second to th eir male counterparts.Yet, her life was additionally brimming with energy. She had the option to show that ability ascends to the top irregardless of sexual orientation and financial status. One of her commended works is the account of a grandma (Babieka) who was conflicted between affection and obligation, in which the author has interlaced her perspectives on social, political, and even strict powers that are forming her country.BackgroundThe fascinating existence of Bozena Nemcova didn't start and end in her being a fiction essayist. Truth be told, Nemcova is likewise a â€Å"†¦poet, columnist, gatherer and proofreader of society accounts; key figure of the Czech National Revival and delegate of the national artistic standard. Furthermore, if this was insufficient she was one of the first to freely address the subject of ladies' character andâ their situation in society† (Haan, Daskalova, and Loufti, 2006).Bozena Nemcova was conceived in 1820, just about 200 years a fter the Germans vanquished the militaries of the Czech Republic. The extreme â€Å"Germanization† of the people brought about the crumbling of Czech writing and culture. The National Revival that happened in the nineteenth century where Nemcova had a significant influence was in light of the decay and The Grandmother is one of the major abstract works that serves to stir nationalistic enthusiasm (Iggers, 1995, p. 49).The GrannyThe story of â€Å"The Grandmother† is an elegantly composed piece. It is agreeable to peruse in light of the fact that it originated from some other time and spot, with the special reward that it originated from another dialect. It is in every case great to peruse deciphered works since it gives the peruser a window to another culture. As a rule the investigation of these sorts of writing brings about the acknowledgment that there is much in like manner even between two unique society, race, culture, and nationalities.This is particularly appar ent when perusing the basic piece of the story. Grandmas in numerous pieces of the world can identify with â€Å"Granny† †of developing old and living alone, their youngsters far away having their own families. The difficulty, on whether to live autonomously or move in with one of the kids is additionally basic issue around the globe.The pattern proceeds with when Granny started the excursion from her genealogical old neighborhood to a â€Å"foreign† land where her little girl currently lives with her better half and kids. The all inclusiveness of the story continued in the yearning of the grandkids to know their grandma and the equivalent compelling feelings were responded by the grandma.Then the story starts to show its special flavor when Granny started to settle in. Inevitably, Granny started to see the distinction in language, culture, and habits being shown in the family unit of Mr. Prosek. It was a conflict between the new and the old, between the conventio ns of the open country and new principles of present day living. In the story Granny commented to herself that she scarcely perceived her little girl since her concept of her is that of a joyful nation young lady and here she is presently, ready, exquisite but then there is something that is missing.This bothering feeling is representative of what is happening in the hearts and psyches of Czech scholarly people around then. They were conflicted between the recognized advantages of the social and mechanical trade with the Germans and simultaneously awkward in light of the fact that where it counts the genuine self is smothered unfit to break free in melody and merriment.Religion has consistently been a contact point and for this situation, Nemcova might want the peruser to know the inward battle of the local Czechs with regards to an apparently aimless perspective on God by their new rulers. In the story Granny consistently â€Å"cross† herself and needed her feelings to come off on the youngsters and the entire family.In the last piece of the story one gets a tremendous portion of these kinds of correlations. Mencova had the option to differentiate the distinctions in culture when he expounded on the journey to a congregation in Svatonovice. In transit the kids saw what they were denied of; it is the delight and otherworldly gift that can be found in returning to their underlying foundations which is the mind boggling conventions of the Holy Roman Catholic Church and the excellence of the wide open with its own one of a kind astuteness and charms.The story of The Grandmother isn't just about imageries highlighting National Revival of antiquated Czech culture, religion and its customs. It is considerably more than that. It is additionally a piece where Nemcova had the option to spill his guts to communicate thoughts and questions not adequate in the public eye. In one segment of the story, Nemcova acquainted Victorka with balance it with the character of the grandma. Victorka was hasty and expresses her genuine thoughts. By doing so she had the option to convey what may have been experiencing her psyche and heart. This is on the grounds that Nemcova had a miserable union with a man 15 years her senior (Iggers, 1995).ConclusionIn 1620 the Czech armed force was crushed by the Hapsburg armed force. This period started the decrease of Czech culture and writing. Exceptional â€Å"Germanization† happened, the normal outcome after victors would typically demand that their way of life and language is far better than the vanquished adversary. Furthermore, as a rule, the debilitated soul of the crushed individuals eagerly oblige to the social harassing. On account of the Czech Republic, Craig Craven commented, â€Å"The Czech language had not ceased to exist, yet it had withdrawn to the open country and the kitchen to turn into the patois †slang or nonstandard language †of workers, cooks, and servants† (2006, p. 88).T he previously mentioned conversation fills in as the scenery of The Grandmother composed as a reaction to theâ Revival; Czech scholarly people doing proactive strides to recapture lost ground regarding society, writing, and national character. In these energetic occasions Mencova was moving from town to town with his loyalist spouse and in the process was presented to the governmental issues and belief systems of the day. Along these lines, she started to be affected by another type of Czech locals longing for past days.This any desire for another and better Czech Republic dependent on since quite a while ago overlooked beliefs is a lot of clear in the story. As one would review Granny responded to the way that her child in-law didn't communicate in Czech, just German while her kids and grandkids then again †remembering the workers for the family unit †can without much of a stretch communicate in her local language. This made Granny awkward and made her to mull over retu rning to her interesting little village.She was convinced to remain and to keep her psyche off the things that annoyed her, she started to plunge herself to fill in as an a regulator to the family unit workers. At that point she started seeing different things like the advanced innovation that made her progressively awkward. This is additionally an image of the quandary concerning tolerating the conspicuous advantages of German impact †particularly in innovation †while then again dismissing the negative effects, for example, the loss of devotion particularly with regards to the conventional church.Aside from the nationalistic suggestions of the â€Å"Granny† what pulls in the peruser to an inside and out investigation of this bit of writing comes from the acknowledgment this is a nineteenth century work of fiction, composed by a lady in a period and spot where enormous situation is anything but favorable for her. But then she won and demonstrated her compatriots and the entire world that ability and a consuming energy for truth is sufficient to beat all obstacles.Lacking in formal preparing and training required for a genuine author, Nemcova had the option to repay with her colossal ability. It is stunning to peruse a fine work, with such a distinctive depiction of Czech rustic way of life and the intensity of her exposition to make the characters wake up. It is hard to experience the story without consenting to her bits of knowledge or without thinking about whether Nemcova was truly composing fiction on the grounds that the exchange could have effectively have been recorded from genuine conversations.In this respect Nemcova ought not exclusively be imitated and celebrated as an essayist yet in addition as a champion. She is a brilliant illustration for a nation that has seen better occasions. She is likewise a decent good example for all ladies who battled to discover their place in a male-commanded society. Be that as it may, her story ough t to be retold in places where ladies are treated as items and not as individuals. Her life will without a doubt persuade them that they can transcend everything if no one but they can concentrate on some different option from themselves.Works CitedCravens, Craig. Culture and Customs of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 2006.Haan, F., K. Daskalova, and A. Loutfi. A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements andFeminism. New York: CEU Press, 2006.Wilson, Neil. Prague. CA: Lonely Planet, 2007.Iggers, Wilma. Ladies of Prague. Provision, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995.

Blog Archive In Other News A Boost in Real Estate, an Alternative Business School, and the New Harvard Business School Startup Studio

Blog Archive In Other News… A Boost in Real Estate, an Alternative Business School, and the New Harvard Business School Startup Studio The business school world is constantly buzzing with change and innovation. Each week, in addition to our regular news posts, we briefly touch on a few notable stories from this dynamic field in one roundup. Here is what caught our eye this week: Real estate is gaining popularity among business school students, the Financial Times  reports. After a recent boost in the real estate market, MBA candidates are showing increased interest in the field at the expense of more traditional industries, such as banking. “[Students are] fleeing banking,” Nancy Wallace, a real estate professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business commented in the article, describing a “huge” recent interest in real estate among students. Alternative education is not exactly a new idea, but what about an alternative business school? Presidio Graduate School, a small business school based in San Francisco, portrays itself as such. Students can pursue an MBA in sustainable management, focusing on creating a diverse and just business field to work in after graduation. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, approximately 90% of the school’s graduates are currently employed in sustainability positions. Harvard Business School (HBS) has launched a new facility in New York City to support its alumni who are entrepreneurs, the school announced recently. The HBS Startup Studio is the first of its kind for HBS, as graduates have not previously had an off-campus space to practice entrepreneurship. Start-up teams that are interested in taking advantage of the studio’s offerings must include at least one HBS alum, but have fewer than seven employees, and must apply to gain admission. Such start-ups as Rent the Runway, Birchbox, and Oscar have been launched by HBS alumni in the past. Share ThisTweet Harvard University (Harvard Business School) News

Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Facts

The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is the only known species of hummingbird to breed or even regularly reside in eastern North America. The breeding range of ruby-throated hummingbirds is the largest of all the species of hummingbirds in North America. Fast Facts: Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Scientific Name: Archilochus colubrisCommon Name: Ruby-throated hummingbirdBasic Animal Group: BirdSize:  2.8–3.5 inches in lengthWeight: 0.1–0.2 ouncesLifespan: 5.3 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: Summers in eastern North America; winters in Central AmericaPopulation: Estimated 7 millionConservation Status: Least Concern Description Male and female ruby-throated hummingbirds differ in their appearance in several ways. Males are more vibrantly colored than females. Males have metallic emerald-green plumage on their back and metallic red feathers on their throat (this patch of feathers is referred to as a gorget). Females are duller in color, with less vibrant green feathers on their back and no red gorget, their throat and belly plumage is a dull grey or white. Young ruby-throated hummingbirds of both sexes resemble the plumage of adult females. Like all hummingbirds, ruby-throated hummingbirds have small feet that are not well suited to perching or hopping from branch to branch. For this reason, ruby-throated hummingbirds use flight as their primary means of locomotion. They are superb aerialists and are capable of hovering with wingbeat frequencies of up to 53 beats per second. They can fly in a straight line, up, down, backward, or hover in place. The flight feathers of ruby-throated hummingbirds include 10 full-length primary feathers, six secondary feathers, and 10 rectrices (the largest feathers used for flight). Ruby-throated hummingbirds are tiny birds, they weigh between about 0.1 and 0.2 ounces and measure between 2.8 to 3.5 inches in length. Their wingspan is about 3.1 to 4.3 inches wide. Larry Keller, Lititz Pa.  / Getty Images Habitat and Range This hummer breeds in the summertime, throughout the eastern United States and Canada. In the autumn, the birds migrate to their wintering grounds in Central America from northern Panama to southern Mexico, although some winter in parts of South Florida, the Carolinas, and along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. They prefer habitats which have lots of flowers, such as fields, parks, backyards, and open clearings in forests. Migration round-trips can be as long as 1,000 miles. Migration patterns of ruby-throated hummingbirds vary: Some migrate between their breeding and wintering grounds by flying across the Gulf of Mexico while others follow the Mexican gulf coastline. Males start their migration before females and juveniles (males and females) follow on after the females. They migrate south between August and November, and north again between March and May. Diet and Behavior Ruby-throated hummingbirds feed primarily on nectar and small insects. They occasionally supplement their diet with tree sap if nectar is not readily available. When gathering nectar, ruby-throated hummingbirds prefer to feed on red or orange flowers such as red buckeye, trumpet creeper, and red morning glory. They often feed while hovering at the flower but also land to drink nectar from a conveniently located perch. Scientists have long been fascinated by the hummingbirds hovering flight. Unlike larger birds, they can perform sustained hovering as well as regular cruise flight and maneuvering. Like insects, they use a leading edge vortex over their wing surfaces to gain lift in the flight, but unlike insects, they can invert their wings at the wrist joint (insects do that with a pulse of muscles).   Reproduction and Offspring During the June–July breeding season, ruby-throated hummingbirds are highly territorial, behavior which is reduced during other times of the year. The size of the territories that males establish during the breeding season varies based on the availability of food. Males and females do not form a pair bond and remain together only during courtship and mating. Female ruby-throated hummers lay up to three broods a year, in groups of one–three eggs, most typically two, which hatch after 10–14 days. The mother continues to feed the chicks for another four to seven days, and the chicks fledge and leave the nest 18–22 days after hatching. Hummingbirds become sexually mature the next season about one year of age. Studio One-One/Getty Images Threats There are an estimated 7 million ruby-throated hummingbirds in the world, and they are classified as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System does not list them as endangered at all. However, continuing climate change affecting their migration patterns and those of related species may have impacts that are as yet unclear. Northern migration dates of ruby-throated hummingbirds have already been measurably impacted by global climate change, with warmer winter and spring temperatures correlating with earlier arrivals, especially at lower latitudes (below 41 degrees north, or generally south of Pennsylvania). In a 10-year study (2001–2010), the differences ranged from 11.4 to 18.2 days earlier in warmer years, leading to concerns about competition for food resources going forward. Sources Bertin, Robert I. The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird and Its Major Food Plants: Ranges, Flowering Phenology, and Migration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60.2 (1982): 210–19. Print.BirdLife International. Archilochus colubris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22688193A93186255, 2016.Courter, Jason R., et al. Assessing Migration of Ruby-Throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus Colubris) at Broad Spatial and Temporal Scales. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 130.1 (2013): 107–17. Print.Hilton, Bill, Jr., and Mark W. Miller. Annual Survival and Recruitment in a Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Population, Excluding the Effect of Transient Individuals. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 105.1 (2003): 54–62. Print.Kirschbaum, Kari, Marie S. Harris. and Robert Naumann. Archilochus colubris (ruby-throated hummingbird). Animal Diversity Web, 2000.  Leberman, Robert C., Robert S. Mulvihill, and D. Scott Wood. A Possible Relationship between Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism an d Reduced Male Survivorship in the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 94.2 (1992): 480–89. Print.Song, Jialei, Haoxiang Luo, and L. Hedrick Tyson. Three-Dimensional Flow and Lift Characteristics of a Hovering Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11.98 (2014): 20140541. Print.Weidensaul, Scot et al. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 2013.

Communication Theories And Concepts Of The Film Outsourced

When talking about communication, it is essential to understand what this term really means. There are many different definitions pertaining to this word, but none of them can be considered right or wrong. On the other hand, Samovar and Porter suggested one of the most basic and influential definitions: â€Å"communication is the ability to share our ideas and feelings† (Samovar and Porter, 1995, p. 27). Mr. Todd’s journey in the film Outsourced greatly reflects on a wide variety of communication theories and concepts, as well as my personal experience in the same country, India. When referring to communication, it is fundamental to grasp The Shannon and Weaver Model that was invented in 1947. This is basically an exemplary of a few stages in which the information source called sender, sends the information to its destination, the receiver. Information obviously does not get to the receiver magically; this is why this model was invented. It is a way to illustrate how a person shares beliefs and ideas, and how they reach their destination. For example, at the beginning of the movie Outsourced, the employee called Todd Anderson asks his boss named Dave: â€Å"Is this gonna take a while?† when he was called to privately speak inside his office (Jeffcoat, 2006, 1:26). In this case, the sender is Dave who sends the information through a place called channel, which then gets decoded before reaching its destination, Todd. On the other hand, it is also important to underline the fact thatShow MoreRelatedThe World Is Flat By Thomas L. Friedman Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pageswill refine itself continuously and continue to grow to a point when the world economies become lateral that is a flat line. When he mentions the world is flat he means that we are all mutually economically dependent on each other and in more communication with each other today than we ever were in the past. 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This was the era of ‘the film star feeling’ and the ‘Golden LUX’, featuring stars such as  Sandra Dee,  Diana Rigg  and  Samantha Eggar. The bathing ritual, the ‘fantasy’ element that has been the imagery of LUX was created in this era. The brand also moved forward with launching LUXRead MoreHrm Training and Development15736 Words   |  63 Pages | |Job Experience |Classroom Learning | |Specific Tasks |General Concepts | |Narrow / Perspective |Broad Perspective | |Training refers to the process of imparting specific skills

William Shakespeare s Macbeth - 867 Words

Can one of the most influential plays in mankind s history be revolved around one object? Does Shakespeare s most terrific play Macbeth be all surrounded in encompass by a single dagger? This may not be the case, but the dagger does change the play in a dramatic way. This is one of the most symbolic objects in all of Shakespeare s writing and maybe one of the biggest turning points in any of this place. MacBeth s dagger symbolizes his ambition for power and it s an apparition. This ambition is his most coveted asset and his tragic flaw. This dagger or otherwise known as the bloody dagger foreshadows the murder of Duncan which is one of the main turning points/plot in this play. Initially the bloody dagger is leading to the shadowing of what must be done by MacBeth. This is where you start to see MacBeth s true goals and envision shine. If you want to achieve something you stop at nothing to achieve it and this is exactly what MacBeth dead. He wanted to obtain power and the only way h e could do that was by taking alive. He was influenced by others, such as lady Macbeth, but no one else made them do it but him. This and company encompasses his character and is a great object to show MacBeth as his true self. This ambition does not stop after the assassination of Duncan, but continues into his reign as a leader throughout his time. You never see his morals change or guilt set in enough for him to really remorse about taking alive. The dagger follows him throughoutShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1363 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt one of the most captivating plays, in my opinion written by William Shakespeare. Throughout this play there is definitely a numerous amount of things that can catch your attention, whether it is a trio of witches appearing, committing murder, or keeping secrets. 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Sources indicate that the play was written to appease King James I, who had ascended to the throne after Queen Elizabeth I. The play tells a tale of a brave Scottish Thane named Macbeth, whose thirst for power brought him to murder Duncan, the King of Scotland, only to become a tyrant, and have his actions lead to his eventual demise as the tragic hero. Throughout the playRead More William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1289 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Macbeth Literary Essay In this 16th century, classic play about a man hungry for power by William Shakespeare there are many intense instances of symbolism used to demonstrate and prove Macbeth’s feelings and behaviour throughout the book. Good symbolism makes you feel what the character feels when reading a story. In the story, â€Å"Macbeth†, Macbeth is shown to be a sly and deceiving person who betrayed his kingdom for his own gain. Three important symbols used to show Macbeth s greed andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1129 Words   |  5 PagesWindsor 02/10/16 Macbeth William Shakespeare wrote one of best tragedies in english literature, which was titled Macbeth. The tragedy, as it is considered by critics of yesterday s literary world, frown upon the evil dimension of conflict, offering a dark and atmosphere of a world dominated by the powers of darkness. Macbeth, more so than any of Shakespeare s other tragic protagonists, has to face the powers and decide: should he give in or should he resist? Macbeth understands theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1909 Words   |  8 PagesKing James’ court, none more so than William Shakespeare, who was writing some of his best plays in that time. The most well known of Shakespeare’s plays produced in the Jacobean Era was Macbeth. Macbeth tells the tale of Macbeth, a thane of Scotland, and his descent to madness. 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William Shakespeare was born in Stratford -upon -avon, in Warwickshire and was baptized a few days later on 26 April 1566. William Shakespeare was educated at the local King Edward grammar school Stratford and is considered by many to be the greatest playwright of all time.(Bio.) In Macbeth, William Shakespeare used ambition to show us Lady Macbeth and Macbeth and t heirRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Essay1827 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish IV DE/AP 24 January 2016 Macbeth Research Paper Although William Shakespeare is not historically accurate with his play Macbeth, there are many possible reasons as to why his historical interpretation differs from reality. He may have wished to flatter the king and, when taken into historical context, may have wished to warn others of the fate handed to those who would oppose the king. Although there are many differences between the play and history, Shakespeare remains truthful in some aspects

Action Potential Essay free essay sample

RESTING POTENTIAL Resting potential is the membrane potential when a neuron is not conducting any electrical impulse or signal. The resting potential is around -75 mV. During resting potential, the inside of the axon is negative GRADED POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL Action potential is a fleeting reversal of the membrane potential, caused by changes in permeability of the plasma membrane of neuron to potassium and sodium ions causing an electrical impulse to be transmitted along the axon. When a stimulus depolarizes the membrane, a few of the voltage-gated sodium channels that are found in the neuronal plasma membrane open permitting sodium ions to pass through. Since there is much greater concentration of sodium ions outside the axon than inside, they diffuse in through the open sodium channels down their concentration gradient. This result in the relatively high concentrations of positively charged sodium ions inside the axon and makes it less negative inside that it was before. We will write a custom essay sample on Action Potential Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The continue diffusion of sodium ions into the axon depolarizes the membrane more and brings it closer to the threshold. When the potential across the membrane reach the threshold (about –55 mV), additional voltage-gated sodium channel open. When this happens, there is rapid and intense influx of sodium ions into the axon causing the inside of the axon swiftly continues to build up more positive charges, until the membrane potential reaches a potential of about +40 mV compared with the outside. At this point, the sodium channels are temporary close and are inactivated, so the sodium ions stop diffusing into the axon. At the same time, the voltage-gated potassium channels open. Potassium ions therefore diffuse out of the axon, down their concentration gradient. The outward movement of potassium ions removes positive charge from inside the axon to the outside, thus beginning to return the potential difference to normal. This is called repolarisation or refractory period. Since there are so many potassium ions leave the axon and the potassium channels close too slowly, he potential difference across the membrane briefly becomes even more negative. This is called temporary hyperpolarisation. The potassium channels then close, and the sodium-potassium pump begin to act again, restoring the normal/original distribution of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane, and therefore restoring the resting potential. This process takes time. THE REFRACTORY PERIOD Refractory period i s the period of time during which a neuron is recovering from an action potential, and during which another action potential cannot be generated. At this period, the voltage-gated sodium channels are still firmly closed (or temporary inactivated) and the membrane cannot produce an action potential, regardless of the stimulation. CONDUCTION/PROPAGATION/TRANSMISSION OF ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential at any point along an axon’s plasma membrane triggers the production of an action potential in the membrane on either side of it. During the action potential, sodium ions enter a point on the axon. The temporary depolarization of the membrane where the action potential is causes a ‘local circuit’ to be set between the depolarized region and the resting regions on either side of it. Sodium ions flow sideways inside the axon, away from the positively charged region towards the negatively charged regions on either side. This depolarizes these adjoining regions and so generates During the action potential, sodium ions enter a point on the axon. Temporarily, that location is positively charged in comparison with neighboring/adjacent areas along the axon. The positive ions sideways inside the axon, away from the The positive charges now inside the membrane slightly depolarize the adjacent areas of the membrane, causing the next area to reach its threshold and regenerate the action potential. In this manner, the action potential travels like a wave along the axon. SPEED OF CONDUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIAL An action potential can travel long distances by regenerating itself along the axon At the site where the action potential is generated, usually the axon hillock, an electrical current depolarizes the neighboring region of the axon membrane

Dante Alighieri Divine Comedy Essays - Divine Comedy, Purgatorio

Dante Alighieri Divine Comedy Dante's The Divine Comedy section of Purgatory is a depiction of Dante and his struggle to reach paradise. He is a character as well as a narrator. The purgatory section deals with the seven deadly sins and Dante's task of cleansing himself on his journey to heaven. He confronts many different people on his journey to self-righteousness, which help and guide him to his destiny. Accompanied by Virgil or reason as he is depicted, his quest is a hard journey with many answers to be found. Dante was born in May 1265 and lived his early life at a time of change and of great economic and cultural expansion in Florence (Kirkpatrick 2). The poet was critically aware of developments in Florentine poetry and painting (2). He also had an eye for the political scene as well. He was elected several times to one of the six priors that governed his republic. Dante had left the city for a short time when a revolt took place between the Black's and the Whites. Dante was exiled and sentenced to death for corruption. Little is known about Dante's personal life or family life. His mother died early in his childhood and his father died shortly after remarrying again in 1285 (Grandgent 2). He gained a half brother and half sister out of this marriage, but little is known of them either (2). There was possibly another sister but if she was from the first or second marriage, we do not know. Around 1277 Dante's father arranged Dante's marriage to Gemma, daughter of Manetto Donati. The approximate date of marriage is around 1283, but again not for certain. Dante had three children, two sons and a daughter who became a nun and changed her name to Beatrice (Foster 12 ). After Gemma's death, Dante began studying philosophy, which he soon seemed to fall in love with. Dante was never able to return to the city for fear of his life. He wandered for the next twenty years depending on patrons to help him survive. It is hard to find any documentation on Dante's journey outside of Florence. It is know that his last days were spent in Ravenna, under the watchful eye of Guido da Polenta. The city recognized him as a great poet and it was here the last of The Divine Comedy was written. Dante died shortly after finishing his final and best work in 1322. His ashes are still buried next to the church of San Francesco. Dante's Purgatory section of The Divine Comedy covers Dante's journey through Purgatory and the challenges he faces. Purgatory was an island with a huge mountain towering from it. At the top was Paradise or heaven. It was sealed off by a gate with angles guarding the entrance. The bottom was antepurgatory where the souls that were not ready for the journey resided. The mountain itself was composed of seven concentric ledges separated by steep cliffs. On each ledge, one of the seven capital sins waited on a soul. They were composed of Pride, Envy, Wrath Sloth, Avarice, Gluttony, and Lust. When the soul had released his sin, he was able to proceed to the next level. When he ascends to the next level, an angle would greet him and perform a cleansing ritual. In addition, on each ledge of Purgatory, there were models of the sin as well as the virtues which opposed the sin. These were a kind of test for the soul. Dante was guided by Virgil or reason as Virgil is depicted. Cato refuses to let Dante sit around and do nothing. At first, he will not let them pass, but Virgil explains their reasons for being there and gains passage. For Dante to be purified, he must first witness a miracle. He breaks a reed in his hand and it instantly regrows itself. Dante is now ready for his journey through Purgatory. The journey is a quest for freedom, which could be considered the idea of purgatory. After leaving Hell, each soul must make it through purgatory to find its place in heaven. Why was freedom so important to Dante in The Divine Comedy? Early on in his life he had been persecuted by the Black Party and forced into exile for his beliefs. This could have influenced his writings in the Purgatory section of his work (Haller 6). We do not have much information on the early part of his life, but he should have been seemingly happy for

Ankgor Civilization, the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia

Ankgor Civilization, the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia The Angkor Civilization (or Khmer Empire) is the name given to an important civilization of southeast Asia, including all of Cambodia and southeastern Thailand and northern Vietnam, with its classic period dated roughly between 800 to 1300 AD. It is also the name of one of the medieval Khmer capital cities, containing some of the most spectacular temples in the world, such as Angkor Wat. The ancestors of the Angkor civilization are thought to have migrated into Cambodia along the Mekong River during the 3rd millennium BC. Their original center, established by 1000 BC, was located on the shore of the large lake called Tonle Sap, but a truly sophisticated (and enormous) irrigation system allowed the spread of the civilization into the countryside away from the lake. Angkor (Khmer) Society During the classic period, the Khmer society was a cosmopolitan blend of Pali and Sanskrit rituals resulting from a fusion of Hindu and High Buddhist belief systems, probably the effects of Cambodias role in the extensive trade system connecting Rome, India, and China during the last few centuries BC. This fusion served as both the religious core of the society and as the political and economic basis on which the empire was built. The Khmer society was led by an extensive court system with both religious and secular nobles, artisans, fishermen and rice farmers, soldiers, and elephant keepers: Angkor was protected by an army using elephants. The elites collected and redistributed taxes, and temple inscriptions attest to a detailed barter system. A wide range of commodities was traded between Khmer cities and China, including rare woods, elephant tusks, cardamom and other spices, wax, gold, silver, and silk. Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907) porcelain has been found at Angkor: Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279) whitewares such as Qinghai boxes have been identified at several Angkor centers. The Khmer documented their religious and political tenets in Sanskrit inscribed on stelae and on temple walls throughout the empire. Bas-reliefs at Angkor Wat, Bayon and Banteay Chhmar describe great military expeditions to neighboring polities using elephants and horses, chariots and war canoes, although there doesnt seem to have been a standing army. The end of Angkor came in the mid-14th century  and was partly brought about by a change in religious belief in the region, from Hinduism and High Buddhism to more democratic Buddhist practices. At the same, an environmental collapse is seen by some scholars as having a role in the disappearance  of Angkor. Road Systems among the Khmer The immense Khmer empire was united by a series of roads, comprised of six main arteries extending out of Angkor for a total of ~1,000 kilometers (~620 miles). Secondary roads and causeways served local traffic in and around the Khmer cities. The roads which interconnected Angkor and Phimai, Vat Phu, Preah Khan, Sambor Prei Kuk and Sdok Kaka Thom (as plotted by the Living Angkor Road Project) were fairly straight  and constructed of earth piled from either side of the route in long flat strips. The road surfaces were up to 10 meters (~33 feet) wide and in some places were raised to as much as 5-6 m (16-20 ft) above the ground. The Hydraulic City Recent work conducted at Angkor by the Greater Angkor Project (GAP)  used advanced radar remote sensing applications to map the city and its environs. The project identified the urban complex of about 200-400 square kilometers, surrounded by a vast agricultural complex of farmlands, local villages, temples and ponds, all connected by a web of earthen-walled canals, part of a vast water control system. The GAP newly identified at least 74 structures as possible temples. The results of the survey suggest that the city of Angkor, including the temples, agricultural fields, residences (or occupation mounds), and hydraulic network, covered an area of nearly 3,000 square kilometers over the length of its occupation, making Angkor the largest low-density pre-industrial city on earth. Because of the enormous aerial spread of the city, and the clear emphasis on water catchment, storage, and redistribution, members of the GAP call Angkor a hydraulic city, in that villages within the greater Angkor area were set up with local temples, each surrounded by a shallow moat and traversed by earthen causeways. Large canals connected cities and rice fields, acting both as irrigation and roadway. Archaeology at Angkor Archaeologists who have worked at Angkor Wat include Charles Higham, Michael Vickery, Michael Coe and Roland Fletcher; recent work by the GAP is based in part on the  mid-20th-century  mapping work of Bernard-Philippe Groslier of the École Franà §aise dExtrà ªme-Orient (EFEO). The photographer  Pierre Paris  took great strides with his photos of the region in the 1920s. Due in part to its enormous size, and in part to the political struggles of Cambodia in the latter half of the 19th century, excavation has been limited. Khmer Archaeological Sites Cambodia:  Angkor Wat, Preah Palilay, Baphuon, Preah Pithu, Koh Ker, Ta Keo,  Thmà ¢Ã‚  Anlong,  Sambor Prei Kuk, Phum Snay, Angkor BoreiVietnam:  Oc Eo,  Thailand:  Ban  Non Wat,  Ban Lum Khao, Prasat Hin Phimai, Prasat Phanom Wan Sources Coe MD. 2003.  Angkor and the Khmer Civilization. Thames and Hudson, London.Domett KM, OReilly DJW, and Buckley HR. 2011.  Bioarchaeological evidence for conflict in Iron Age north-west Cambodia.  Antiquity  86(328):441-458.Evans D, Pottier C, Fletcher R, Hensley S, Tapley I, Milne A, and Barbetti M. 2007.  A new archaeological map of the world’s largest preindustrial settlement complex at Angkor, Cambodia.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  104(36):14277-14282.Hendrickson M. 2011.  A transport geographic perspective on travel and communication in Angkorian Southeast Asia (ninth to fifteenth centuries AD).  World Archaeology  43(3):444-457.Higham C. 2001.  The Civilization of Angkor. Weidenfeld Nicolson, London.Penny D, Hua Q, Pottier C, Fletcher R, and Barbetti M. 2007.  The use of AMS 14C dating to explore issues of occupation and demise at the medieval city of Angkor, Cambodia.  Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Bà ‚  259:388–394.Sanderson DCW, Bishop P, Stark M, Alexander S, and Penny D. 2007.  Luminescence dating of canal sediments from Angkor Borei, Mekong Delta, Southern Cambodia.  Quaternary Geochronology  2:322–329. Siedel H, Pfefferkorn S, von Plehwe-Leisen E, and Leisen H. 2010.  Sandstone weathering in  tropical  climate: Results of low-destructive investigations at the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia.  Engineering Geology  115(3-4):182-192.Uchida E, Cunin O, Suda C, Ueno A, and Nakagawa T. 2007.  Consideration  on  the construction process and the sandstone quarries during the Angkor period based on the magnetic susceptibility.  Journal of Archaeological Science  34:924-935.

Semantics and syntax Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Semantics and syntax - Assignment Example The main difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning is due to explicit content and implicit content. Proposition expressed is the part of explicit content. Through example proposition expressed will be illustrated. In this example the reply of student is implicitly stating that task is not completed. The student is not stating explicitly that work is not done but from the reply it is clear what student wants to convey. The statement of the teacher is explicit but reply of the student is implicit. Speech act is a term in linguistics. The modern use of the term goes back to John L. Austins doctrine of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. Speech acts normally include promising, ordering, greeting, warning, inviting and congratulating. In the above example the speaker is requesting and therefore a speech act. In the above example the relationship between the sentences is of presupposition. In linguistics, a presupposition is an implicit supposition about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in conversation. In the example the affirmative form of (a) presupposes (b). This presupposition is still true in case (a) becomes negative, interrogative or supposition. For example negative form â€Å"She was not appalled that prime minister was wearing flip flops†, still presupposes (b) as true. The same case prevails in case of interrogative and supposition. In the above example the relationship between the two sentences is of implicature. In linguistics Implicature is a term in linguistics, coined by H. P. Grice, which refers to what is â€Å"suggested† in an utterance, even though neither â€Å"expressed† nor â€Å"strictly implied† by the utterance. In the example, the second statement is stating what may not be true but from 2(a) it is implicit that speaker does not know where Henry is. The statement 2(a) is implicitly

Using social media to manage personal knowledge and learning within a Case Study

Using social media to manage personal knowledge and learning within a Postgraduate Learning context - Case Study Example I am taking part in a Postgraduate Learning program in a business school in the North London area. Personal knowledge and learning scopes of this program will be developed through different means of social media. I will be able to gain the insight of Personal Knowledge Management or PKM, Knowledge Management or KM and different learning theories. Personal Knowledge Management is mainly a process that enhances the possibility of gaining more knowledge and managing the development of learning and knowledge (Cope and Kalantzis 332). I think that PKM will create contemporary knowledge among the students. According to my experience, social media policy of the higher education institutions is quite feasible in personal knowledge management. Knowledge management policies are highly adopted by the companies and educational institutions. I observed that knowledge of the teachers and experienced people are disseminated among the new recruits or the learners with a sound communication system (Costello 634). Knowledge management process is adopting innovative approach for the learners. I observed that KM process in the post graduation learning institutes helps in recognising the scope of education. Being one of the members of the post graduation learning institutions, I am able to evaluate various courses provided in the institutions.

Design Liability under National Engineering Contract (NEC)

Design Liability under National Engineering Contract (NEC) Design Liability under NEC Problem Every construction or engineering project is generally designed and occasionally defects occur as a result of defective design. These defects if possible then have to be rectified and this has associated costs. Where interested parties cannot agree on which of them is responsible for the defect they often seek a legal remedy to allocate costs. To avoid this legal entanglement the majority of construction projects are carried out under the relative control of a contract that identifies the party that is responsible for the design. The degree of liability depends on how the design responsibility has been allocated under the contract. However, the complicated interaction of various legal elements with contractual provisions can consequently make this difficult to determine. For practical use a contract should allow for the incorporation of clear acceptable levels of liability to both parties. Research by Gaafar and Perry (1998) suggests using a contract that allows for a spectrum of liability such as the NEC/ECC. This allows the level of responsibility to be tailored to the individual project by the inclusion of secondary clauses. Another consideration that must be investigated is that even if the design responsibility is not allocated under the contract, or no written contract exists, a level of responsibility under tort almost always exists. This responsibility is often forgotten and is rarely referenced in the contracts text. The level of design liability differs depending on what type of organisation the designer works for. For example, the level of design liability is the same in tort for a consultancys designer and a contractors designer, however, under a contract the level of liability may be different. In tort, the nature of the designers obligation is to exercise reasonable skill and care irrespective of the designers organisation. In contract, a consultancys designers liability is to exercise reasonable skill and care unless they know the purpose for which they are designing in which case a fitness for purpose liability is implied. Because of this risk of suffering an implied liability terms of engagement for a consultancys designer usually contract out fitness for purpose requirement. This is useful as no level of Professional Indemnity insurance exists to cover a consultancys designer for fitness for purpose liability and it is unlikely the consultancy would be able to independently cover the ris k. Even if a fitness for purpose liability is excluded, a consultancys designer could still be liable for not delivering the end result, if it can be proved that they did not use reasonable skill and care and has ultimately committed professional negligence under tort as well as being in breach of contract. As the tort of negligence is implied into both written and none written contracts, wherever a situation arises where one party owes another a duty of care, it is essential to look at its meaning. The Institution of Civil Engineers (2006) defines negligence as being based on the inflicting of injury or loss upon another person by failure to take such care as the law requires. A contractors designer suffers risk by reference to the statutory implied terms, under the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, which will impose certain contractual warranties relating to merchantable quality and fitness for purpose, irrespective of what the contract says. The statutory implied terms give rise to risk for the designers contractor in that a contract which is silent on the point will impose on him a strict liability for all the obligations he has undertaken, including his design obligation. It is also worth noting that because of this, if a contractor chooses to appoint a consultancy designer under a subcontract, even if he is using the relevant standard subcontract form of the main contract, they may open themselves up to considerable risk. This is because they still have an obligation to deliver the end result that is fit for purpose, unless there are express provisions to limit liability. This why most Design and Build standard for m contracts limit the liability of the contractor for design to that of an architect under a traditional build contract. However, if there are express provisions in the contract to impose an explicit fitness for purpose liability on the contractor these provisions will then be subject to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. As already stated, there are two levels of design reasonable skill and care and fitness for purpose. These two terms are the most commonly used and even though they are an over simplification it is important to define them in more detail. Fitness for purpose is just that, it should satisfy and/or deliver the clients requirements whereas reasonable skill and care can be further split into professional skill and duty of care. As well as carrying out their specialist skill competently the construction professionals have to exercise a defined level of care. This duty of care is based on foreseeability, where one must take reasonable care to avoid acts, omissions or statements, which could reasonably be foreseen to be likely to result in injury or loss to other people. The standard of care to be exercised is that of the ordinary, prudent person and will depend on the particular circumstances of each individual case. In the context of this proposal it would be the construction professionals, working for the contractor who must exercise due care to highlight errors when reading and implementing the clients design, or the contractors own designer who must exercise due care when creating and developing a design (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2006). The element of skill required by a construction professional, whether they are an engineer, designer, quantity surveyor or project manager is to carry out their own specialist skill competently. The courts have defined the specialist skill and competence on many occasions and the following direction to the jury in Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957], has been adopted by the House of Lords and is frequently cited:- Where you get a situation which involves some special skill or competence the test is the standard of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have that special skill. A man need not possess the highest expert skill it is sufficient if he exercises the ordinary skill of the ordinary competent man exercising that particular art (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2006). As previous research by Gaafar and Perry (1998) suggests, the NEC/ECC contract is an acceptable document that can be tailored to individual projects and remain workable and acceptable to both client and contractor. These advantages could explain why it has rapidly become the contract of choice for public sector work. Due to the economic situation that exists in the construction and engineering industry at present the majority of work is in the public sector and as a result is under NEC3 the most recent version of NEC/ECC form of contract. According to the Bank of England the current economic situation is going to continue for at least the next 6 months before signs of recovery start to filter through to the construction industry in the form of private investment. Because of this, more disagreements over design defects carried out under the NEC3 form of contract are probably going to go before the courts. It would be useful then for contractors construction professionals to know what design liabilities the contractor could be exposed to so that they can take steps to avoid any legal entanglement. This is especially prudent as the NEC3 contract does not include the term fitness for purpose in its text and instead relies on the works information given by the client to specify the performance requirements and secondary clauses to limit a contractors liability. When this information is incomplete or missing it creates a situation where the responsibilities and the end requirements are unclear and the contract reverts back to a silent position as discussed earlier and imposes a strict liability upon the contractor, unless secondary clauses to expressly limit liability are included within the contract document. Even where these clauses are included contractual warranties implied by the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 may take precedence. It is important to note that in this silent position a contractor would not be liable for desi gn works carried out by subcontractors even if appointed by them under the relevant NEC3 subcontract form. The aim of the dissertation then, is to carry out primary and secondary research to determine whether, and if so, how, a contractors design liability can be limited to reasonable skill and care under the NEC3 suite of contracts. Your problem specification specifies the problem alright, but it does not indicate what can be done to resolve the problem or what issues need to be addressed in resolving this problem. These issues would form the basis of the ensuing chapters of the dissertation. There is a decided lack (although not a total absence) of appropriate citation to substantiate your many authoritative statements in the problem spec. Literature Review Current literature on the National Engineering Contract 3 (NEC3) includes legal cases, commentary or how to use guides and finally but not exhaustively research by construction and engineering academics and/or professionals. This literature individually covers the different aspects of design liability and the NEC3. Need to make more substantial to provide a structured overview. The NEC3 is endorsed and recommended by the UK Governmental Office of Government Commerce for use on all public sector construction projects. And because the majority of current construction and engineering work is in the public sector at present it is getting a lot of use and therefore it is important that those using it fully understand it. To that end Eggleston (2006) has written a comprehensive commentary on the NEC3. His commentary explains how each NEC3 contract is uniquely put together to meet the employers needs by assembling clauses from the option structure and by particularisation in accompanying documents. This commentary is particularly useful in that it helps the reader use the contract by providing step by step instructions to ensure the basic building blocks of the contract are set up correctly. A good example of this is the five steps that an employer must follow in order to create a set of NEC3 conditions for a particular contract. Egglestons (2006) commentary is an overview of the entire suite of NEC3 contract documents and gives a brief definition of the clauses. It does not give instruction of which combination of options and clauses to use but instead informs the user how to incorporate their chosen selection into a working document. On the down side the book does not give you enough legal analysis and only refers to a handful of cases and to this end does not highlight sufficiently what the repercussions of not getting it right are. This means unless the professional using it is fully versed or doesnt follow a commentary such as Egglestons to the letter they could end up in hot water regardless of what secondary clauses they think are in place to limit liability. Using Egglestons (2006) definitions of clauses and with cross reference to an NEC3 contract it is apparent that it is the secondary options X15 limitation of contractors liability for design and X18 limitation of liability are the most relevant to this proposal. This is because they are the clauses that can be included if agreed between the client and contractor to pre-determine the level of liability. Need to insert what Eggleston says Difference between two clauses and what they limitContradiction with works information Express catch all sentences added under Option Z or included in works info Egglestons thoughts on silent position Gaafar and Perry (1998) have written an insightful paper that is relevant to the proposed aim of this proposal. They based some of their findings on communication with an unnamed author involved in the development of the NEC. From this they discovered that these optional clauses came about due to legal advice that was given to avoid the term fitness for purpose and to the eventual adoption of the notion that the employer would either define the extent of his requirements for performance through the works information or would limit the liability through the choice of an optional clause. The term fit for purpose is very open to interpretation and could be a reason why it was left for the employer to fully define their requirements. Gaafar and Perry (1998) were unable to find a precise definition for the term fitness for purpose and concluded from comparing correspondence and discussion with unnamed legal academics and professionals that no such definition exists. This is hard to accept as regardless how many legal academics and professionals were contacted it is precedence set in the courts that establishes a meaning for the term not the legal academics and professionals opinion. It may be the case that these legal academics and professionals are unaware of any relevant case law and it is unlikely that they exhausted all published volumes. In addition Gaafar and Perry (1998) may have narrowed the question posed to the legal academics and professionals too much and a definition may exist in a non construction and engineering context that could be applied if the princi ples are the same. In addition to correspondence and discussion Gaafar and Perry (1998) also carried out a survey to determine the desirability to be able to adjust the level of liability. They highlight that 30% of clients questioned in the survey said that a fitness for purpose liability is not desirable as they recognise the practical and commercial problems it can cause. Gaafar and Perry (1998) expand on the description of these problems reiterating that professional designers do not have to carry a professional liability higher than reasonable skill and care and therefore no higher level of insurance cover exists. This means that the contractor can not obtain cover either and because of this if a fitness for purpose obligation exists and the design is carried out by a professional designer under a subcontract, the contractor can not pass this liability down to them. This leaves the contractor carrying a large uninsured risk. This unexpected result in their findings gives strong support to their re commendation of using a contract that allows liability to be tailored to an individual contractual situation. The theory and supporting research is comprehensive, however, the raw data is not given and it undermines their reasoning, as it is impossible to determine the significance of the results without knowing the sample size, methods used, the context and appropriateness of the questions. Gaafar and Perry (1998) was published in the International Journal of Project Management and looks at a number of problems associated with the interaction of legal elements and contractual provisions. They look at, but do not directly compare, a number of standard forms of contract and their individual advantages and disadvantages when the limitation of design liability is the key issue. The paper concludes by recommending the use of the NEC contract as they suggest it provides a spectrum of liability. Despite their suggestion of using a contract that allows a spectrum of liability they importantly acknowledge that a strict liability and obligations under the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 exists and is difficult to sign away. This difficulty in signing away rights is also made reference to when they discuss liability under tort and the inclusion of express clauses to limit liability. These important points included by Gaafar and Perry (1998) are relevant to this proposal as they have a bearing on how effectively liability can be limited. Professor J. Perry and Dr H. K. Gaafar are academics at the School of Civil Engineering, the University of Birmingham and for this reason their assumptions on NEC3 in practice are likely to be based on 3rd part information and not their own practical experience within the construction and engineering environment. It is also worth noting that The Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA) states that parties cannot sign away certain rights under UK law and current precedence will determine what obligations exist regardless of whether a clause was included to limit liability. The HGCRA forms the basis of the current UK law and as such must be treated seriously and acknowledged as the presiding authority on set aspects of construction projects. It is also important to note that the HGCRA is 13 years old and largely based on the report by Latham (1994), as such developments have happened in the way contracts are worded to either incorporate it or find ways around it. Egan (1998) suggests that a move to partnering and mutual cooperation will do away with a need for contracts. In this situation a strict liability will be implied by current UK law and legislation and as discussed a fit for purpose obligation will be the default situation. If clauses intended to limit design liability are not effective then Eagans (1998) view that; designers should work in close collaboration with other participants in the project will protect the contractors and reduce the risk as they will be fully aware of the requirements and ultimately able to deliver the end product that is fit for purpose. This work by Egan (1998) is a very theoretical academic view and 11 years on has not fully been adopted despite moves to create more trust through partnering, however, it does provide an alternative view to the confrontational and aggressive stand many contractors and clients are adopting in the economic down turn. Wallace (1995) states his opinion that the obligation to construct a work capable of carrying out its intended use overrides the obligations to comply with specification given in the works information. If this is the case even though a contractor may have produced a design that complied with all the works information, if the end result is not fit for purpose they are then responsible. This goes back to the implied obligation discussed earlier and responsibility of the contractor to request more information and highlight lack of clarity in the works information. They may have done everything including reasonable skill and care to produce a design that complies with the works information but if the works information was inadequate they were liable for not correcting this fault and therefore liable for not producing a design that could deliver. Wallace (1995) published this work a year after Latham (1994) and in a climate where a more progressive approach to construction was the new way of thinking, however, it ignores this work and focuses on fact and the law as it stood at the time. This is not a bad thing but when applying Wallaces work to contracts such as the NEC3 it does not always directly apply and extrapolation of the legal principles is necessary, however most are still the same and the book is still widely accepted and used. Jackson and Powel (1992) conclude that the particular obligations of a contractor to his client are generally of a different nature from those owed by a professional man to his client. They make the point that this does not expressly state that the contractors obligations amount to a fitness for purpose requirement. However they imply in the passage, my complaint against him is not that he has failed to exercise reasonable skill and care in carrying out the work but that he has failed to supply what was contracted for, that a higher level of liability than reasonable skill and care exists and that the precise level of liability is governed by what is stated in the totality of the contract. Jackson and Powel (1992) is considered to be an accepted legal text and the authors experts in their field. This opinion is supported by the fact that the book has been quoted in the courts. A good example being; Lady Justice Butler-Sloss in the Court of Appeal regarding the case of Sansom and Mona ghan v. Metcalf Hambleton Co (1997) (Was it a construction law case? Was the case to do with design liability?) EGCS 185 who quoted the book as being a helpful summary. This use in 1997 is important as it is post HGCRA and although it is 17 years old has many useful interpretations that are still relevant. For example, the concept mentioned above regarding totality of the contract is very similar to the commentary detailed in Eggleston (2006) 14 years later regarding liabilities imposed by the entire contract. In relevance to this proposal then, if the book and the authors are deemed to be an authority on the subject of negligence their implications above regarding totality of the contract carry significant weight. This would suggest that secondary clauses under NEC3 are not necessarily going to limit a contractors liability to reasonable skill and care. In addition to the above works, NEC itself provides literature in both on its website and in published form, and despite the inherent bias it may carries is worth reviewing. The bias is there because the NEC has an invested interested in portraying the NEC3 in a positive light to increase sales, however, it is useful for reference to clarify technical points and attain original copies of contract wording. What is clear is that each of these commentaries focuses on a particular area of a contract or takes a view from one particular party and at present there is nothing comprehensive to show all the interrelationships of NEC3 contractual clauses and UK law and legislation. As a result unless the employer compiling the contract or contractor entering into an NEC3 contract fully understands the full ramifications of the options and clauses chosen they should seek professional legal advice. As described by Gaafar and Perry (1998) these interrelationships are very complicated especially to the non legal professional. Gaafar and Perry (1998) try to bypass the need to understand all these complicated interrelationships by developing and suggesting the use of a Spectrum of Liability, however, as acknowledged by them no contract currently exists that fully allows for this. As stressed by Latham (1996) though and indeed acknowledged by Gaafar and Perry (1998) there are certain obligations and im plied responsibilities that cannot be signed away and a strict liability is imposed unless express clauses are used to support this flexible spectrum. Only the NEC3 contract comes close, however, the effectiveness of secondary clauses to control levels of liability is difficult to determine due to the complex legal interrelationships mentioned above. To establish whether liability can be controlled in an NEC3 contract this dissertation will use arguably the main aspect that has most bearing design liability and seek to demonstrate the following conjecture: A contractors design liability can be limited to reasonable skill and care under NEC3 by use of secondary clauses. Can expand to 2500 or 3000 words In final submission should include a statement in the summary to the literature review as to where the dissertation sits in relation to the main authors outlined in the introduction to the literature review. Methodology To manage the presentation of this dissertation it has been split into a number of chapters. The overall dissertation will form a piece of work that can be useful to all construction and engineering professionals who are considering entering into an NEC3 form of contract. Chapter 1 will be derived from the problem specification, literature review and methodology that form this dissertation proposal. Chapter 2 involves carrying out extensive secondary research. This will take the form of investigation into legal precedence that exists for cases with relevance to a contractors design responsibility and associated liability under NEC3. In addition to this, investigation into accepted academic views, professional interpretation of NEC3 clauses and commentary on UK statute and legislation is necessary. Combined this will form a theoretical perfect world view of design liability and act as the control for this research. Chapter 3 will explore construction professionals understanding of design liability under an NEC3 form of contract. To do this a statistically sufficient number of construction professionals will be interviewed. The questions are designed to be comprehensive enough to generate the desired responses but have been deliberately left open ended to ensure they do not lead the interviewees in a certain direction or stifle responses. The benefit of this is that a greater insight into the interviewees experience and knowledge is gained and helps determine how much weight to assign the responses. The results will then be summarised and initial statistical processing carried out to allow them to be analysed. The open ended nature of the interview questions also gives the opportunity for contractors problems that are not covered by the interview questions to be picked up and acknowledged and be compiled into the summary conclusions. Chapter 4 will seek to substantiate or disprove the conjecture made in Chapter 1 by comparing the differences between the control in Chapter 2 and the summary conclusions made from the interview results in Chapter 3. Depending on the outcome of this comparison will determine the recommendations made in this dissertation that aim to benefit construction professionals thinking of entering into an NEC3 form of contract. Chapter 5, the final chapter seeks to bring together all the conclusions made in the above chapters into a final summary. The outcome of the comparison in Chapter 4 should identify how effective the NEC3 form of contracts intentions are in regards creating a contract that is able to limit design liability by the inclusion of secondary clauses or whether other factors come into play and greater care and legal advice is needed before a contractor signs up to an NEC3 form of contract. The comparison will also determine whether any of the additional problems or negative experiences identified by the construction professionals in the interviews is real or merely perceived due to lack of understanding of UK law and of the NEC3 contract in general. If they are merely perceived, the recommendations made in this work should allow them more confidence when deciding whether or not to sign up to a given NEC3 contract. They would then be able to make an informed decision as to whether an included clauses attempt to limit liability under NEC3 would safeguard them or whether they would be exposed and need to adjust their price to suit the increased risk of what is effectively an imposed fit for purpose design liability. Need to justify research method. This justification is done by reference to established research methods authors. You make only one reference to Blaxter et al but it does not really get to the bottom of what you are doing and why. You do not eliminate other methodologies. Do other authors agree? A good methodology will compare the recommendations of three or four research methods texts. You might like to look at some of the following: 1) Dissertation Research and Writing for Construction Students Dr S.G. Naoum Butterworth Heinneman 808.066624 NAO 2) Research Methods in Construction Fellows Lui 3) Hart, C. 2005, Doing Your Masters Dissertation, SAGE Publications Ltd., London 4) Preece, R. 1994, Starting Research: An Introduction to Academic Research and Dissertation Writing, A Cassell Imprint, London 5) Blaxter, Hughes Tight 2006, How to Research, Open University 6) Questionnaire Design, Interview and Attitude Measurement A.N.Oppenheim Continuum 300.723 OPP The methodology should be introduced by a statement about the theoretical perspectives being employed, e.g. you are approaching this dissertation from a legal and contractual perspective by way of offering appropriate practical advice to the industry Need to justify structure. Justification for the structure requires cerebral argument and includes some linking text between your discussion on the content and format of each chapter. Remember the chapters should be based on the issues to be addressed as identified in the problem specification, so your justification of the structure could be based upon the logic of dealing with those issues. References Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research 3rd Ed. Open University Press. Maidenhead. Eagan (1998). Rethinking Construction. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London. Eggleston, B. (2006). The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract 2nd Ed. A Commentary. Blackwell Publishing. [Online] Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books Accessed 07.07.09 Gaafar, H, K. and Perry, J, G. (1998). Limitation of design liability for contractors. International Journal of Project Management Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 301-308. Elsevier Science Ltd. Institution of Civil Engineers (2006). ICE Legal Note Liability for Latent Defects. Institution of Civil Engineers. London. Jackson and Powell (1992). Professional Negligence 3rd Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Latham (1996). Housing Grants and Regeneration Act 1996. London. Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ Accessed 22.08.09 Murdoch, J. and Hughes, W. (2005). Construction Contracts 3rd Ed. Law and Management. Spon Press. Oxon. Wallace, D. (1995). Hudsons Building and Engineering Contracts, Volume 1, 11th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Uff, J. (2005). Construction Law 9th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Bibliography Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research 3rd Ed. Open University Press. Maidenhead. Dissertation Creation. Dissertation Help How to Write and Structure a Dissertation Proposal [Online] Available from: http://www.ukdissertations.com Accessed 07.07.09 Eagan (1998). Rethinking Construction. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London. Eggleston, B. (2006). The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract 2nd Ed. A Commentary. Blackwell Publishing. [Online] Available from: http://books.google.co.uk/books Accessed 07.07.09 Gaafar, H, K. and Perry, J, G. (1998). Limitation of design liability for contractors. International Journal of Project Management Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 301-308. Elsevier Science Ltd. Institution of Civil Engineers (2006). ICE Legal Note Liability for Latent Defects. Institution of Civil Engineers. London. Latham (1996). Housing Grants and Regeneration Act 1996. London. Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ Accessed 22.08.09 Murdoch, J. and Hughes, W. (2005). Construction Contracts 3rd Ed. Law and Management. Spon Press. Oxon. The Guild of Architectural Ironmongers (2004). Commercial and Contract Law. Uff, J. (2005). Construction Law 9th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London. Additional useful paragraphs; If the NEC3 contract is set up for the contractor to have design responsibility, then the contractors design must comply with the works information. Even if the optional clause to limit liability is used, the performance specification given in the works information will override it and therefore the contractors liability may or may not be interpreted as fitness for purpose depending on how the works information has been drafted with a strict liability imposed. Results Ques

Essay --

Jerusalem is the beholder of a violent, yet religious, past. It is the holy center for three of the world’s major religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. It was the center for many battles and the motivation for the Crusades. The Crusades were the cause for much blood shed and marked the beginning of a long war between Islam and Christianity. However, most of the focus in history of this holy center begins with the Crusades and continues there after, so this is where the essay will be focused: the times and history of Jerusalem before the Crusades. The city of Jerusalem is located in modern day Israel and was established around 4000 BC. The early history of Jerusalem is up to debate between the records kept by the various texts and accounts left by early inhabitants. It was inhabited by the Jebusites for a long period before Abraham, or any other occurrences that gave Jerusalem its early background. It is said to have been ruled by an ally of Abraham, Melchizedek, until King David, around 1000 BC, took over the city and founded it as a homeland for the Jews. This began the first official reign of a religion over the city, for no religious significance nor reign had control over the city. Jerusalem became the capital of King David’s empire, and for a period of time, under his son’s rule, it was a major trade city and was very significant among the surrounding peoples. After King David died in 970 BC, his son, Solomon, took over and fabricated the first Temple in this holy city run by the Jewish people and functioning upon their beliefs. This temple became known as the great temple as it was added upon over multiple years by varying skilled architects. Solomon’s rule brought the city success, but after his death Davidic ruler... ...hich triggered the Roman decision to rebuild Jerusalem as a non- Jewish Roman territory. It remained a regular territory with no religious rule until the Byzantines conquered it in 330 A.D. and instated it as a Christian city. The Jewish people weren’t allowed to live within the city. About 300 years later, the Persians took over the city from the Byzantines and it was ruled by these pre-Islamic rulers until 629 A.D. The Byzantines took back over, but only began to rebuild the once again Christian city when the Caliph Omar invaded Jerusalem and began occupying the city in 638 A.D. This was the beginning of the Crusades. Jerusalem has had a long and horrible history with many different political and religious occupations leading up to the Crusades and even after. Jerusalem is a very important city in human history amongst its various leaders and various occurrences.

Basic Guide to PBL

Differential diagnosis List out the differential diagnosis as u can (Some pre-reading will help) -State the positive history, state the negative history -Dif dig can be added or deleted as more triggers are revealed 4. Further history -Based on the dif dig, discuss the further questions to support or rule out your dif dig 5. Learning Issues Now discuss learning issues to be done, and list down on the board Finally discuss expected findings if possible 6.Physical Examination -Briefly discuss the PEE to perform, the normal findings and the expected outcome for ACH of the dif diagnosis -SEE questions will come out in similar fashion so treat this seriously to score in exam Make sure to do ALL of this before moving to trigger 2.. Trigger 2 1. Physical Examinations -Now compare the findings in the trigger with the previously discussed PEE in trigger 1 -Discuss each signs and its pathologically (SEE questions) -Note down learning issues along the way -Rule out or add dif dig 2.Investigatio ns -Briefly discuss the Investigation to order and the expected outcome for each of the if diagnosis -Be systematic and group your investigations (Blood ‘X, Imaging, urine IX etc) -Name each ‘X, the reason to order the ‘X, normal value(if possible) and expected result. -SEE questions will come out in similar fashion so treat this seriously to score in exam Trigger 3 1. Investigations -Compare the findings with previously discussed IX in trigger 2 -Discuss normal value and try to interpret the data (SEE question) -Note down learning issues along the way -Rule out dif dig 2.Diagnosis – by this time, the accurate diagnosis should have been made. Do the ethicalness of the disease as learning issue (very important in SEE) 2. Management -Outline your management of this patient before proceeding to trigger 3 (SEE questions) 3 basic steps of Mix (a) Identify the cause – Egg. The diagnosis may be stroke but u need to find the cause of the stroke through furthe r IX (b) Treat the disease – Non-pharmacological/ Pharmacological/Surgery/Radiation therapy (c) Prevent the complications -Acute Xx -Chronic Xx Trigger 4 1 .Management -Compare the management in the trigger with the mix in your discussions -Do learning issue on mix that u do not understand Classes, pharmaceutics, pharmacological and mode of action is more than enough -Ignore the doses -If possible ask the tutor or other doctors what are the type of drugs used by SUMS b)Surgery and radiation therapy -Know the procedure(brief) and possible complication 2.Prognosis and Rehabilitation -Briefly discuss about the prognosis of this disease -Outline your rehabilitation plan 3. Summarize -Summarize the whole case and the important points that u have learned in this Pl – Do as if u r doing a case summary after a clinical presentation (Clinical question) AY

The Emancipation Proclamation By Mr. Harding - 1259 Words

The Emancipation Proclamation has two points of views from highly qualified professors if the Emancipation was to free the slaves or not. The first Professor is Mr. Allen C. Guelzo and the other professor is Vincent Harding. Mr. Allen proposed that Abraham used the Emancipation Proclamation to free the slaves. However, Mr. Harding used his research and insisted that no the Emancipation Proclamation was not to free the slaves. On the other hand, Mr. Allen makes some well-revised statements, but Mr. Harding has facts and evidence that supports the idea that the Emancipation Proclamation wasn’t to free the slaves, but for other purposes. Mr. Guelzo was convinced that Mr. Lincoln was a hundred percent committed about freeing the slaves. Basically, the Emancipation Proclamation was to release the slaves, but on the other hand, it wasn’t. Mr. Harding however, insisted that Abraham Lincoln had no intention in releasing the slaves during his presidential years. Although, he ini tially refused to declare war of the destruction of slaves and then afterwards, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which ironically did not free any slaves. The Civil War and Reconstruction period occurred in the 1860-1877. As the years went by, the people were convinced that the Civil war was not exclusively about slavery, but something else. A majority of people from the South stated the fact that they were fighting for their states rights. They believed that the government should not govern them.Show MoreRelatedMccarthyism and the One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest2739 Words   |  11 Pagesthe notes listed by various patients in the log, Mr. Harding has been heard to say that she ‘damn well gives the bastards reason to stare.’ He has also been heard to say that he may give her reason to seek further sexual attention.’† Despite whether the fact that the information is true or not, Nurse Ratched uses the various hearsays from the other patient s to not only humiliate Mr. Harding, but also in a sense manipulate him. Obviously, Mr. Harding does not want people to discuss what he says inRead MoreThe Most Controversial American Presidents9333 Words   |  38 Pagesassassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Six days after the large-scale surrender of Confederate forces under General Robert E. Lee, Lincoln became the first American president to be assassinated